African-American Bandleaders in American Circuses
a chronology [with news of note], 1874-1974
1824
Francis Johnson, bandleader for Joseph Cowell Circus. BWag 58.1: 2014.
1858
J. Mulligan, Negro singer, with Sands Elephant Show. NYClip Jun 26, 1858, 78-79.
1860
Robinson & Lake’s Circus Company with Negro Show. NYClip June 23 1860: 78-79.
1863
Thayer & Noyes’ Great United States Circus with company of negro performers NYClip April 11, 1863: 414.
1866
Jno. Robinson’s Circus attacked at Crittenden, KY April 25 by Regulators wanting to regulate “the negroes,” reign of terror. NYClip May 5, 1866: 30-31.
1867
John Robinson Circus & Menagerie, trouble w/ Negro performers on sideshow, run by Frank Rosston. NYClip Oct 26, 1867: 230-31.
1887
S.H. Barrett Circus w/ Solomon P. White in circus band but not leader OoS 376.
1889
Sells Brothers Circus Band & Minstrel with Solomon P. White OoS 376
1890
Washburn & Arlington Shows with Dan Chaver’s Colored Band & White Cloud’s Troupe of Indians. NYClip Mar 29, 1890: 27, 46, 47
June: ad for 10-p colored band for Wm W. Davis & Co’s RR Shows, Circus, Museum & Menagerie. NYClip June 14, 1890 215, 223, 224
1890-1902
Eph Williams Circus, Prof. Williams’ Great Northern Shows with band, 1890-1893 (Jensen: 103)
1891
April: Walter L. Main’s New Monster RR Shows, Double Circus, Roman Hippodrome, Elevated State, Menagerie, Museum, Aquarium & Free Horse Show, with Prof J.O. McNutt’s colored brass band & jubilee singers. NYClip April 11, 1891: 74, 76, 79
Washburn & Arlington’s New United Shows, Wild East, Wild West, Circus, Menagerie, Hippodrome & Congress of Nations, with colored band in annex.
McCabe’s Colored Minstrels being run by Geo W. Orrin of Orrin Bros Circus. NYClip April 25, 1891, 17 et al.
Washburn & Arlington’s New United Shows, Wild East, Wild West, Circus, Menagerie, Hipodrome & Congress of Nations with Prof Simus 8-p colored band. OoS 376.
1892
Snyder & Zimmerman’s Colossal Colored Carnival BB Mar, 2, 1912: 22-25
Miles Orton’s Show with Prof. W.H. Jacobs’ Colored Band, 8-p. SoS 37
Hunting’s Circus with Prof Payne’s Colored Female Band NYClip Feb. 6, 1892: 792 etc,
Sells Bros Circus with Prof. C.W. Jones, cornetist, colored band & Sells & Renfrow Circus with prof C.W. Jones band leader NYClip Oct 1, 1892: 472
April: Miles Orton’s Show with Prof. W.H. Jacobs’ Colored Band. NYClip April 2, 1892: 50, 64.
Orrin’s still running McCabe’s Colored Minstrels. NYClip April 16, 1892: 82.
Walter L. Main’s Show with Baldwin Allen leader of colored band, 8-p OoS 377; NYClip April 1.
July: Cook & Whitby’s Circus w/ 15 colored musicians. NYClip July 16, 1892: 292.
1893
Walter L. Main’s sideshow band, led by Prof J.O. McNutt colored band, OoS 378.
Cook & Whitby’s English and American Circus with the Black Hussar Band & Jubilee Singers OoS 378.
Great Wallace Show with C.W. Jones’ colored 10-p band OoS 377.
1894
Huntington’s Circus & Menagerie with Prof Jacobs’ colored band opens Mar 31. NYClip Mar 31, 1894: 53 etc.
Sells & Rentfrow’s circus with [James] Wolfscale’s Algerian Band & Jubilee Singers OoS 378.
Wallace Circus with Jones’ Peerless Black Hussar Band and Sunny Brook Quartet OoS 379
Aug.: Cook & Whidby’s Circus w/ Prof Jones’ Black Hussar Band & Rooster Orchestra OoS 379
1895
Walter L. Main’s sideshow band, led by Prof J.O. McNutt colored band, OoS 379
Wallace Circus with Jones’ Peerless Black Hussar Band and Sunny Brook Quartet OoS 379
1896
Forepaugh & Sells Minstrels band, P.T. Wright’s Nashville Students Wright, leader, w/ Mose, Dan F. Desdunes [source?]
1897
Forepaugh – Sells M&B with Sol White bandleader [source?]
1898
Forepaugh & Sells Minstrels band, P.T. Wright’s Nashville Students under direction of P.G .Lowery (Wright having died in March); Lowery left company in June to perform at Omaha Expo World’s Fair.[source?]
1899
Forepaugh-Sells Bros. Circus, P.G. Lowery’s Band & Vaudeville company BiB 159
1900
Forepaugh-Sells Bros. Circus, P.G. Lowery’s Band & Vaudeville company BiB 159
1901
William Sells & James H. Gray United Shows, Prof James Wolfscale dir. of annex band BB May 4, 1901: 30
Forepaugh-Sells Bros. Circus, P.G. Lowery’s Band & Vaudeville company BiB 159
1902
Sells & Downs Circus with James Wolfscale’s band BB. Feb. 15, 1902:11
Forepaugh-Sells Bros. Circus, P.G. Lowery’s Band & Vaudeville company BiB 159
May: Howe’s Great London Circus opens w/ 2 white bands & one black band led by Harry Pramplin w/ Laura Pramplin, cornet soloist GW 253
June: Buckskin Bill Show with Prof Reed’s colored band & cake walkers. BB Jun 7, 1902: 4, 5, 6
Sept.: Cheatham’s Colored Cake Walkers & Jubilee Singers BB Sept. 27, 1902: 6, 8.
1903
Captain Stewart’s Family Shows with Walter Lyons Colored cake Walkers & Jubilee Singers & Buck & Wing dancers, his 12 yr w/ show BB Feb. 7, 1903: 8, 14, 15
Baldwin-Melville Circus advertising for colored band to give concert & minstrel entertainment BB: Mar 28, 1903: 12
Sig Sautelle Shows with Prof Lumford Davis’s Colored Coon Shouters & Jubilee Singers BB Mar 14, 1903: 10, 11.
Gollmar Brothers Shows with Frank Prins’ Colored Jubilee Singers BB: July 11, 1903: 9, 10
Louella Forepaugh-Fish Shows, with P.G. Lowery’s band and vaudeville company [source?]
1904
Welsh Bros. Show, Prof Louis Gilbert’s jubilee singers & brass band NYClip May 28, 1904: 327
Forepaugh-Sells Bros. Circus, P.G. Lowery’s Band & Vaudeville company BiB 159
1905
Campbell Bros Consolidated R.R. Shows, JC O’Brien mgr. Prof Reed’s Tennessee Minstrels [Af-Am?)] NY Clip June 17, 1905, 431
Great Wallace Circus, P.G. Lowery’s Band & Vaudeville company BiB 159
1906
Forepaugh-Sells Bros. Circus, P.G. Lowery’s Band & Vaudeville company biB 159
1907
Hagenbeck – Wallace Shows w/ PG Lowery Concert & Minstrel Company w/ roster 1907 Show world Circul incl. Wm May Tom May & Billy Arnte.
Lowery’s Sunflower Minstrels & Creole Belles is name given to show in NY Clipper (w/ sideshow cast but not band roster) May 16, 1908
March: John Robinson Circus with William H. Reid’s colored band. BB Mar. 16, 1907: 35, 50, 58, 76-77
Norris & Rowe Circus with [white?] Walter Shannon’s colored band BB Mar 23, 1907 30-32.
May: Frank A. Robbins Show with W.H. Jacob’s Colored B&M. BB May 11, 1907: 18, 23,24
1908
Ringling Bros. has no colored band this season biB 163
Sells-Floto Circus, [Bismarck] Ferris’s Satisfied Musical Entertainers biB 183
July: Campbell Bros. Circus, Prof. C.H. Clark’s Colored B&M. BB: July 11, 1908: 16, 17
1909
March: John Robinson Circus with Alex A. Berry’s Colored Band & Concert Col. BB March 13, 1909: 19, 40
Sells-Floto Circus, [Bismarck] Ferris’s Satisfied Musical Entertainers biB 183
Welsh Great American Show, Col. M.H. Welsh owner/mgr, colored band for side show dir. by Roy A. Temple NYClip July 10: 556 [also BB July 10, 1909 18-20]
Oct.: Frank A. Robbins Circus with Anderson’s Colored Band. BB Oct 9, 1909: 18-20
1910
Buffalo Bill Wild West Show, [Bismarck] Ferris’s Satisfied Musical Entertainers biB 183
Young Buffalo’s Wild West, Billy Harris’s band & Georgia Minstrels BB July 2, 1910
Jones Bros. Buffalo Ranch Wild West, Jas. Wolfscale’s Georgia Minstrels, BB sept 3, 1910: 30 [w/ Roy & Troy Wolfscale]
Forepaugh – Sells, Annex B&M, Alex N. Parker, orc leader, Thomas May band leader, H.L. Rawles gen mgr NYClip July 23, 1919: 582
1911
Buffalo Bill Wild West Show, [Bismarck] Ferris’s Satisfied Musical Entertainers biB 183
Sparks Circus with Alonzo Turner B&M BB: Aug. 9, 1913: 23, 24
Downie & Wheeler Shows with Palmer’s Colored Band. BB May 13, 1911: 30, 33.
Downie & Wheel3r side show with Clark Bros. Colored Band & Georgia Minstrels. BB: July 1, 1911: 24-27
W.H. Coulter’s Railroad Shows, W.R. Bell & 12 colored fun makers, BB Apr 15, 1911: 27-29
May: Hagenbeck & Wallace Circus, P. G. Lowery’s Band & Minstrels roster BiB
Howe’s Great London Circus, H.L. Rawles’s B&M roster BiB
Ringling Bros., R. Roy Pope’s Band roster BiB
June: Forepaugh & Sells Bros., James Wolfscale’s B&M roster BiB
July: Young Buffalo’s wild West, W. I. Horne’s B&M roster BiB
Buffalo Bill Wild West, Bismark Ferris’s B&M roster BiB
Aug.: Mighty Haag Shows with Walter Deans Colored Band & Minstrels BB Aug. 5, 1911: 26
Sept.: Kit Carson’s Buffalo Ranch WW, Grant Cooper’s B&M roster BiB
1912
Sparks Circus with cornetist Alonzo Turner B&M BB: Aug. 9, 1913: 23, 24
Feb.: J.W. Moore & Son’s one-ring circus, w/ Prof Lawrence Nelson & B&M colored musicians. BB Feb. 1,1912: 22, 23, 50
May: Ringling Bros, R. Roy Pope’s Band roster BiB
Young Buffalo’s WWS, W. L. Horne’s B&M roster BiB
June: Kit Carson’s Buffalo Ranch, A. Turner’s B&M roster BiB
Haag Show with Prof Nelson’s colored band BB: June 29, 1912: 38, 39, 78.
July: Gollmar Bros. Circus, James A. Harris’s B&M roster BiB
Two Bills Show, Bismark Ferris’s Satisfied Co. roster BiB
Yankee Robinson’s Circus, John Eason’s B&M roster BiB
Aug.: Hagenbeck & Wallace Circus, P.G. Lowery’s B&M roster BiB
1913
Jan.: Yankee Robinson Circus & Texas Bill’s Wild west Annex with Prof Bridgewater’s Colored Band & Concert Company. BB Jan3, 1913: 22,30
May: Barnum & Bailey Circus James Wlfscale’s B&M roster BiB
101 Wild West, LK Baker’s B&M roster BiB
Frank A. Robbins Circus, John Eason’s B&M roster BiB
June: Hagenbeck & Wallace Sho, PG Lowery’s B&M roster BiB
Howe’s Gt. London Circus, Annex Band & M roster BiB
Gollmar Bros. Circus, James Harris’s B&M roster BiB
July: Ringling Bros. Circus, P.A. Venable’s Band roster BiB
August: Rentz Bros. Circus with Prof Willis’ Colored Band & Jubilee Singers BB AUg. 30, 1913: 24, 26, 27
Sept.: Young Buffalo’s WW, William H. Reed’s B&M roster BiB
[end of season]
Sparks Circus, Prof Murdock’s B&M roster BiB
1914
Wheeler Bros. Shows with D.W. Batsell’s colored B&M BB Jan 24, 1914: 22-25.
John Robinson Circus, J.B. Forester sideshow band BiB 192
March: Barnum & Bailey, James Wolfscale’s Black Hussar’s Military Concert Band 32-p. roster BiB
April: Tompkins Wild West & Cooper-Whitby Circus with Ethel Tucker’s colored ladies band BB: Apr. 4, 1914: 22-25
May: Circle D Wild West, Pop Adams’ B&M. IF 5.2314: 6 nt
Sparks Circus with Prof. Wright has in his colored band Mack Carter, Isaiah Wildes, Eugene Peterson, Tony Barnfield, Sam Kennedy and J. J. Clark, and for vocalists, Dorothy Burton and Cleo Potette. BB: May 16,1914: 18, 28, 29, 30, 31, 59.
Jones Bros & Wilson’s Circus, J.C. Miles’s B&M roster BiB
Gollmar Bros Circus, James A. Harris’s B&M roster IF 6.20.14: 6 nt
June: 101 Ranch, L.K. Baker’s B&M roster IF 10.10.14: 6 Notes
July: Young Buffalo Show, Edward Rucker’s B&M roster BiB
Robinson’s Famous Shows, Eugene Clark’s Band roster IF 10.31.14: 5 nt
Ringling Bros. Roy Pope & Band IF 10.31.14: 5 nt
1915
John Robinson Circus, Eugene Clark’s Minstrels, Jerry Martin annex bandleader BiB 192
April: Jones Bros & Wilson’s Circus, J.C. Miles’s B&M BiB 179
Ringling Bros. Circus, H. Roy Pope’s Annex Band roster BiB
Sparks Circus, A.A. Wright’s B&M roster BiB
May: Yankee Robinson’s Three-Ring Circus, John Eason’s B&M roster BiB
Barnum & Bailey Circus, James Wolfscale’s Band roster BiB
101 Ranch, L.K. Baker’s B&M roster BiB
Gollmar bros. Circus, James A. Harris’s B&M roster BiB
July: Robinson’s Famous Shows, Eugene Clark’s B&M roster BiB
Nov: 101 Ranch Shows, LK Baker’s Annex Band roster BiB
1916
opening season:
Barnum & Bailey Circus, Wolfscale’s B&M roster BiB
Jones Bros & Wilson’s Circus, J.C. Miles’s B&M BiB 180
Cole Bros. Circus, J.C. Jones & Co. IF 4.22.16 rt
Smith’s Greater Shows, Old Kentucky Minstrels, C.M. Haring, mgr & dir. IF 4.22.16: 6 nt
John Robinson Shows, Eugene Clark’s Band & Co. IF 10.28.16: 5 rt
April: 101 Ranch, L.K. Baker’s Annex Band roster BiB
Yankee Robinson, Pop Adams’s Annex B&M roster BiB
May: Le Tena Shows, Eugene Clark’s B&M roster BiB
Ringling Bros Circus, P.A. Venable Band roster BiB
Sparks Circus, AA Wright’s B&M roster BiB
Wheeler Bros. Circus, Martin Bros. Band & Minstrels. IF 5.20.16 (5) rts
Orton Bros. Circus, Homer Butler’s B&M IF 5.20.16 (5) rts
Cole Bros. Circus, J.C. Miles Band & Co. IF 5.13.16:5 rt
June: Howe’s Gt London Shows, R.N Jackson’s Band roster BiB
Gollmar Bros. Circus, James Harris’s B&M roster BiB
Coop & Lentz Three-Ring Circus, JS Riggers’s ANnex Band roster BiB
Sept: Hagenbeck & Wallace Circus, PG Lowery’s B&M roster BiB. Photo OoS 377
1917
J.H. Eschman Circus, R.H. Loveless’s Band BiB 201
Gollmar Bros. Circus, James Harris’s B&M BiB 177
Yankee Robinson Circus, Edwdard Rucker’s Band BiB 201
April: Cole Bros. Circus, J.C. Miles B&M BiB 181
John W. Sparks’ Big Shows, Arthur A. Wright’s B&M roster BiB
La Tena’s Circus, Eugene Clark’s Band roster BiB
May: Hagenbeck & Wallace Circus, PG Lowery’s B&M roster BiB
John Robinson Circus, R.N Jackson’s B&M roster BiB
June: Barnum & Bailey Show, James Wolfscale’s Band roster BiB
July: Coop & Lentz Circus, J.S. Riggers’s B&M roster BiB
Honest Bill Show, Elmer Payne’s Band roster BiB
Aug. : Al G. Barnes Circus, Bismark Ferris’s B&M roster BiB
Sept. John Robinson Circus, Cornetist T.E[verett] White’s B&M roster BiB
Ringling Bros. Circus, PA Venable’s Band roster BiB
Jess Willard-Buffalo Bill Wild West, LK Baker’s B&M roster BiB
1918
John Robinson Circus, Robert Clark’s B&M roster BiB
Barnum & Bailey Show, James Wolfscale’s Band roster BiB
June: John Robinson Circus, Marcus Veal’s B&M roster BiB
July: Cole Bros. Circus, J.C. Miles B&M BiB 182
Aug.: Hagenbeck & Wallace Circus, LK Baker’s Band roster BiB
1919
John Robinson Circus, Eugene Clark’s Black Devil Minstrels BiB 194
Walter L. Main Circus, Homer Butler’s Annex B&M BiB 205
July: Gentry Bros. Circus, Prof Irvin Brown’s B&M roster BiB
Hagenbeck & Wallace Circus, R.N. Jackson’s B&M roster BiB
Aug.: Sparks Shows, AA Wright’s Georgia Minstrels roster BiB
1920
April: Ringling Bros. & Barnum & Bailey Circus, PG Lowery’s Band roster BiB
May: Sells-Floto Circus, JS Riggers’s B&M roster BiB
Hagenbeck & Wallace Circus, R.N Jackson’s B&M roster BiB
June: Howe’s Great London Circus, Montell Proctor’s B&M roster BiB
July: Rhoda Royal Circus & Old Buffalo Wild West Shows, F. Bennett Hargrave’s roster BiB Hargrave’s B&M
Walter L. Main Show, Eugene Clark’s B&M roster BiB; Louis Gilbert also listed as dir. this season BiB 204
Aug.: Sparks Circus, R.J. Simmons’s B&M roster BiB
Oct.: John Robinson Circus, LK Baker’s B&M roster BiB
1921
Ringling Bros & Barnum & Bailey Circus, PG Lowery’s annex band [source?]
Hagenbeck & Wallace Circus, R.N Jackson’s B&M (BB 5.22.22)
Downie Bros., Edward W. Washington’s band [source?]
1922
Ringling Bros & Barnum & Bailey Circus, P.G. Lowery’s annex band [source?]
Walter L. Main Circus, R.N. Jackson’s annex band (BB 5.22.22)
Al Barnes Show, Ed Farrell annex band (Jackson, Growing Importance”)
1923
Ringling Bros & Barnum & Bailey Circus, PG Lowery’s annex band; Lowery replaced by Thomas May [source?]
Sparks Circus, Rastus Airship’s annex band BB 6.23.23: 50 Minstrel & Tent Shows
Walter L. Main, R.N Jackson’s annex band BB 3.17.23: 62
Al G. Barnes, Arthur A. Wright’s band BB 3.17.23: 62
1924
Walter L. Main Circus with Walter E. Mason’s annex band (BB 11.24.24:51)
Rubin & Cherry Shows, W.C. Steward, band & orch leader “Minstrel & Tent Talk” 5.3.24
John Robinson Circus, D.C. Oileer, musical director (“With John Robinson” BB 24 May 1924: 47
Sheesley Bros. Circus, Prof James annex band BB 8.23.24
1924 – 26
Sparks Circus, Charles A. Holloway band leader (Sparks Notes, IF May 17, 1924: 8) & Carver
1925
Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus, R.N. Jackson’s annex band (“Hagenbeck- Wallace Annex”)
Rubin & Cherry Shows, with J.B. Cullen’s Magnificent Minstrels, W.C. Steward band & orc leader (“Cullen’s Minstrels”)
Bernardi Shows, with S.G. Paris’ Dixie Minstrels, Leonard Phillips, band leader (“S.G. Paris Minstrels”)
1926
Ringling Bros & Barnum & Bailey Circus, PG Lowery’s annex band [source?]
Miller Bros. 101 Ranch, J.H. Doc Oyler’s side show, with Walter E. Mason’s band [source?]
1927
Ringling Bros & Barnum & Bailey Circus, PG Lowery’s annex band
Miller Bros. 101 Ranch, J.H. Doc Oyler’s side show, with Walter E. Mason’s band
Downie Bros., John Matthews’ colored band & minstrels BWag. “Downie”
1928
Ringling Bros & Barnum & Bailey Circus, PG Lowery’s annex band
1929
Ringling Bros & Barnum & Bailey Circus, PG Lowery’s annex band
Downie Bros., W.L. Watkins’ Maryland Minstrels
1930
Ringling Bros & Barnum & Bailey Circus, PG Lowery’s annex band
1931
Ringling Bros & Barnum & Bailey Circus, PG Lowery’s annex band
1932
Downie Bros., Edward Washington’s annex band BW mar-apr. [yr?]
1933
Downie Bros., Edward Washington’s annex band Georgia Minstrels BW mar-apr. [yr?] [includes photo of band & sideshow]
1934
Downie Bros. Circus, Edward Washington, director of minstrel band
1935
Downie Bros. Circus, Edward Washington, director of minstrel band
1936
Downie Bros. Circus, Edward Washington, director of minstrel band
1938
Downie Bros. Circus, Joe Brantley’s annex band BWag sept.oct ‘76
1939
Downie Bros. Circus, P.G. Lowery band leader, Georgia Mnstrels. BWag sept.oct ‘76
1942
Cole Bros Circus, PG Lowery Band & Minstrels
1930s until 1948
Ringling Bros & Barnum & Bailey Circus, Arthur A. Wright’s annex band
1944
Cole Bros. Circus s, Harvey Lankford, bandmaster, sideshow & minstrel band
1948 – last year of a black sideshow band on R.Bros & B&B
Ringling Bros & Barnum & Bailey Circus, Arthur A. Wright’s annex band
1948 – 55
King Charles Weathersby bandleader, Al G. Kelly & Miller Circus (BWag)
1962 – 63
King Charles Weathersby bandleader, Kelly-Miller working big top & sideshow
1964 – 67
King Charles Weathersby big top bandleader, photo w/ Von Bros. Big Show
1967 – 74
King Charles Weathersby bandleader, Hoxie Bros. sideshow band
abbreviations
BB Billboard
BWag Bandwagon
BiB Blacks in Black Face, Henry Sampson
GW The Ghost Walks, Henry Sampson
IF Indianapolis Freeman
NYClip New York Clipper
OoS Out of Sight, Abbott & Seroff
Sources
Bradbury, Joseph T. “Downie Bros. 3 Ring Circus pt. 6, 1938 and 1939.” Bandwagon. Sept-Oct. 1976: 11-25
Bradbury, Joseph T. “Downie Bros. 3 Ring Circus pt. 3, 1932 and 1933.” Bandwagon. Mar-Apr. 1976: 3-14.
Bradbury, Joseph T. “Downie Bros. 3 Ring Circus pt. 3, 1934 and 1935.” Bandwagon. May-June 1976: 15-26.
Bradbury, Joseph T. “Downie Bros. Circus, 1926-1929.” Bandwagon Nov.-Dec. 1975: 4-19.
Carver, Gordon M. “The Sparks Circus – through 1928.” Bandwagon. Sept./ Oct 1978: 24-33.
Cole Bros. Circus Official Route, Program, and Personnel. 1942..
“Cullen’s Minstrels with R. & C.” Billboard 7 Mar. 1925: 53
“Downie Bros. Band in Circus Scores Big Hit.” Chicago Defender 19 Sept. 1921: 5.
“Hagenbeck-Wallace Annex Band.” Billboard 28 Mar. 1925: 51.
Jackson, James A. “The Growing Importance of the Colored Fair.” Billboard 18 Mar. 1922: 67.
Jensen, Dean. The Biggest, the Smallest, the Longest, the Shortest: A Chronicle of the American Circus from Its Heartland. Madison: Wisconsin House Pub, 1975.
“Minstrel and Tent Show Talk.” Billboard 17 Mar. 1923: 62.
“Minstrel and Tent Show Talk.” Billboard 3 May 1924: 51.
“S.G. Paris Minstrels.” Billboard 20 June 1925: 49
“The Sheesley Bunch.” Billboard 23 Aug. 1924: 49.
“Sparks Notes.” Indianapolis Freeman 17 May 17 1924: 8
Talburt, Lane. “King Charles Weathersby: 1927 – 2014.” Bandwagon 58.1: 2014: 6-17
“The Walter L. Main Band and Minstrel.” Billboard 27 May 1922: 51
Watkins, Clifford Edward. The Life and Music of Perry George Lowery. Oxford, MS: U of Mississippi P, 2004.
“With John Robinson.” Billboard 24 May 1924: 47.
–February 12, 2024